Quantum dot-containing complex, and light-emitting device, optical member, and device, each including the same

ABSTRACT

A quantum dot-containing complex that may be used in a light emitting device, an optical member or devices including same includes: a quantum dot; and at least one ligand coordinated to the surface of the quantum dot and being a monomer represented by Formula 1, as defined herein.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority from and the benefit of Korean PatentApplication No. 10-2019-0138770, filed on Nov. 1, 2019, which is herebyincorporated by reference for all purposes as if fully set forth herein.

BACKGROUND Field

Exemplary implementations of the invention relate generally to a quantumdot-containing complex, and more particularly to a light-emittingdevice, an optical member, and a device, each including the same.

Discussion of the Background

Quantum dots are nanocrystals of semiconductor materials and materialsexhibiting a quantum confinement effect. When the quantum dots receivelight from an excitation source and reach the energy excited state, thequantum dots themselves emit energy according to a corresponding energyband gap. In this regard, even in a case of the same material, aswavelength varies depending on a particle size, light of a wavelengthband, excellent color purity, and high luminescence efficiency may beobtained by adjusting sizes of the quantum dots. Accordingly, thequantum dots are applicable to various devices.

In addition, the quantum dots may be used as materials for performingvarious optical functions (for example, a light conversion function) ofoptical members. The quantum dots, as nano-sized semiconductornanocrystals, may have different energy band gaps by controlling sizesof nanocrystals and compositions, thereby emitting light of variousemission wavelengths.

Optical members including quantum dots may have thin-film forms, forexample, thin-film forms in which each subpixel is patterned. Theoptical members may be used as color conversion members of devicesincluding various light sources.

However, as quantum dots are easily oxidized by moisture and oxygen, theefficiency is reduced. In order to solve this problem, a method ofcoordinating reactive ligands around the quantum dots has beensuggested, but it is difficult to efficiently prevent the oxidation ofthe quantum dots by desorption and rearrangement of the ligands.

The above information disclosed in this Background section is only forunderstanding of the background of the inventive concepts, and,therefore, it may contain information that does not constitute priorart.

SUMMARY

A quantum dot-containing complex and devices including the sameconstructed according to the principles and exemplary implementations ofthe invention have improved stability by introducing a polymerizablegroup into a reactive ligand coordinated with a quantum dot, and adevice using the same.

Additional features of the inventive concepts will be set forth in thedescription which follows, and in part will be apparent from thedescription, or may be learned by practice of the inventive concepts.

According to one aspect of the invention, a quantum dot-containingcomplex includes: a quantum dot; and at least one ligand coordinated tothe surface of the quantum dot and being a monomer represented byFormula 1:

P₁-(L₁)_(d1)-(Z₄)_(b4)-[(A₃)_(a3)-(Z₃)_(b3)]_(m1)-(A₂)_(a2)-(Z₂)_(b2)-(A₁)_(a1)-(Z₁)_(b1)—(R_(a))_(c1)  <Formula1>

*—(Z₅)_(b5)—(S_(p))_(e1)—(Z₆)_(b6)—P₂  <Formula 2>

wherein, in Formulae 1 and 2

A₁ to A₃ are each, independently from one another, a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group;

a1 is an integer from 1 to 6, and a2 and a3 are each, independently fromone another, an integer from 0 to 6;

Z₁ to Z₆ are each. independently from one another, *—O—*′, *—S—*′,*—C(═O)—*′, *—C(═O)O—*′, *—OC(═O)—*′, *—O—C(═O)—O—*′, *—OCH₂—*′,*—SCH₂—*′, *—CH₂S—*′, *—CF₂O—*′, *—OCF₂—*′, *—CF₂S—*′, *—SCF₂—*′,*—(CH₂)_(n1)—*′, *—CF₂CH₂—*′, *—CH₂CF₂—*′, *—(CF₂)_(n1)—*′, *—CH═CH—*′,*—CF═CF—*′, *—C≡C—*′, *—CH═CH—C(═O)O—*′, *—OC(═O)—CH═CH—*′,*—C(Q₁)(Q₂)—*′, *—CH(—(S_(p))_(e1)—P₃)—*′, *—CH₂CH(—(S_(p))_(e1)—P₃)—*′,*—(CH(—(S_(p))_(e1)—P₃)CH(—(S_(p))_(e2)—P₃)—*′, or*—O—(CH₂)—O(C═O)—(CH₂)_(n2)—*′;

n1 is an integer from 1 to 4, and n2 is an integer from 0 to 2;

b1 to b6 are each, independently from one another, an integer from 0 to6;

m1 is an integer from 0 to 6;

L₁ is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, *—S(═O)(Q₁)—*′,*—S(═O)₂—*′, *—P(═O)(Q₁)—*′, *—P(═O)₂—*′, *—P(═S)(Q₁)—*′, or*—P(═S)₂—*′;

d1 is an integer from 0 to 4;

S_(p) is a spacer group or a single bond;

e1 to e2 are each, independently from one another, an integer from 1 to4;

R_(a) is an anchoring group;

c1 is an integer from 1 to 6;

P₁ to P₃ are each, independently from one another, a polymerizablegroup;

at least one substituent of the substituted C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group andthe substituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group is a group of Formula 2,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylgroup, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, aC₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, aC₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclicgroup, a monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, —NCO,—NCS, —OCN, —SCN, —C(═O)N(Q₁₁)₂, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂),—B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂);

Q₁ to Q₂ and Q₁₁ to Q₁₃ are each, independently from one another,hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group,a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, ahydrazone group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, aC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, a monovalentnon-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, a biphenyl group, or aterphenyl group; and

* and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

The variables A₁ to A₃ may each be, independently from one another: P abenzene group, a pentalene group, an indene group, a naphthalene group,an azulene group, a heptalene group, an indacene group, anacenaphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, aspiro-benzofluorene-fluorene group, a benzofluorene group, adibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, ananthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pyrrolegroup, a thiophene group, a furan group, a silole group, an imidazolegroup, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, anoxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, apyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a benzofurangroup, a benzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophenegroup, a carbazole group, a benzosilole group, a dibenzosilole group, aquinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzimidazole group, animidazopyridine group, or an imidazopyrimidine group, each,independently from one another, optionally substituted with at least oneof a group of Formula 2, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group,a cyano group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, acyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, acyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, anaphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenylgroup, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenylgroup, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenylgroup, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenylgroup, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, apicenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenylgroup, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, anovalenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, apyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzofuranyl group,a benzothiophenyl group, —NCO, —NCS, —OCN, —SCN, —C(═O)N(Q₁)₂,—Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₁₁) and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Qu);

wherein Q₁₁ to Q₁₃ are each, independently from one another, hydrogen, aC₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, or a pyridinyl group.

The variables *-(A₁)—*′ to *-(A₃)—*′ may be each, independently from oneanother, a group of Formulae A-1 to A-22, as defined herein.

wherein, in Formulae A-1 to A-22;

* and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom and a1 to a3have the same meanings as the above.

The spacer group may be *—N(Q₁)—*′, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—Si(Q₁)(Q₂)—*′, adivalent C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, or a divalent C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group; whereineach of the divalent C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group and divalent C₁-C₂₀ alkoxygroup, independently from one another, optionally substituted with atleast one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyanogroup, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, —NCO, —NCS, —OCN,and —SCN;

wherein Q₁ to Q₂ may each be, independently from one another, hydrogen,a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, or a pyridinyl group; and

* and *′ may each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

The variables *—(S_(p))_(e1)—*′ and *—(S_(p))_(e2)—*′ may each be,independently from one another, a single bond, *—(CH₂)_(i1)—*′,*—(CH₂CH₂O)_(i1)—CH₂CH₂—*′, *—CH₂CH₂—S—CH₂CH₂—*′, *—CH₂CH₂—NH—CH₂CH₂—*′,or *—(SiQ₁Q₂-O)_(i1)—*′; wherein i1 is an integer from 1 to 12;

Q₁ to Q₂ may each be, independently from one another, hydrogen, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, a naphthyl group, or a pyridinyl group; and

* and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

The variable R_(a) may be an organic salt, *—OH, *—NO₂, *—COOH, —F, —Cl,—Br, —I, *—(O(C(Q₁)(Q₂))_(n3)—O—C(Q₃)(Q₄)(Q))_(n4), *—N(Q₁)(Q₂), asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₃₀ alcohol group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₃₀ carboxylic acid group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, or a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group; and at least one substituent ofthe substituted C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₃₀ alcohol group, and thesubstituted C₁-C₃₀ carboxylic acid group is a group of Formula 2,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylgroup, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, aC₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, aC₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclicgroup, a monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, —NCO,—NCS, —OCN, —SCN, —C(═O)N(Q₁₁)₂, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂),—B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂);

wherein Q₁ to Q₅ and Q₁₁ to Q₁₃ may each be, independently from oneanother, hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, acyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, ahydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₆₀ cycloalkenylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, amonovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, a biphenyl group,or a terphenyl group;

n3 and n4 may each be, independently from one another, an integer from 1to 6; and

* may indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

The variable R_(a) may be a group of Formulae E-1 to E-28, as definedherein.

The variables P₁ to P₃ may each be, independently from one another, agroup of Formulae P-1 to P-10, as defined herein.

The at least one ligand is one or more of ligand 1 to ligand 14, asdefined herein.

The quantum dot may include a core including a first semiconductorhaving a crystal structure and a shell including a second semiconductorhaving a crystal structure, or may be a Perovskite compound.

The first semiconductor and the second semiconductor may each be,independently from one another, may include Group 12-Group 16-basedcompounds, Group 13-Group 15-based compounds, Group 14-Group 16-basedcompounds, Group 14-based compounds, Group 11-Group 13-Group 16-basedcompounds, Group 11-Group 12-Group 13-Group 16-based compounds, or anycombination thereof.

The first semiconductor and the second semiconductor may each,independently from one another, include: CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe,ZnTe, ZnO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, MgS, and MgSe; CdSeS, CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnSeS,ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, HgSeS, HgSeTe, HgSTe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, CdZnTe, CdHgS,CdHgSe, CdHgTe, HgZnS, HgZnSe, HgZnTe MgZnS, and MgZnSe; CdZnSeS,CdZnSeTe, CdZnSTe, CdHgSeS, CdHgSeTe, CdHgSTe, HgZnSeS, HgZnSeTe, andHgZnSTe;

GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, InN, InP, InAs, and InSb;GaNP, GaNAs, GaNSb, GaPAs, GaPSb, AlNP, AlNAs, AlNSb, AlPAs, AlPSb,InGaP, InAP, InNP, InNAs, InNSb, InPAs, InPSb, and GaAlNP; GaANAs,GaANSb, GaAPAs, GaAPSb, GaInNP, GaInNAs, GaInNSb, GaInPAs, GaInPSb,InAlNP, InAlNAs, InAlNSb, InAlPAs, and InAPSb;

InZnP;

SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbS, PbSe, and PbTe; SnSeS, SnSeTe, SnSTe, PbSeS,PbSeTe, PbSTe, SnPbS, SnPbSe, and SnPbTe; SnPbSSe, SnPbSeTe, andSnPbSTe;

Si, Ge, SiC, and SiGe;

AgInS, AgInS₂, CuInS, CuInS₂, CuGaO₂, AgGaO₂, and AgAlO₂; or

any combination thereof.

The first semiconductor may include GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, AN, AlP, AlAs,AlSb, InN, InP, InAs, InSb, GaNP, GaNAs, GaNSb, GaPAs, GaPSb, AlNP,AlNAs, AlNSb, AlPAs, AlPSb, InGaP, InAIP, InNP, InNAs, InNSb, InPAs,InPSb, GaAlNP GaANAs, GaANSb, GaAlPAs, GaAlPSb, GaInNP, GaInNAs,GaInNSb, GaInPAs, GaInPSb, InAlNP, InANAs, InAlNSb, InAlPAs, InAlPSb, orany combination thereof, and

the second semiconductor may include CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe,ZnO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, MgS, MgSe, CdSeS, CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnSeS, ZnSeTe,ZnSTe, HgSeS, HgSeTe, HgSTe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, CdZnTe, CdHgS, CdHgSe,CdHgTe, HgZnS, HgZnSe, HgZnTe, MgZnS, MgZnSe, CdZnSeS, CdZnSeTe,CdZnSTe, CdHgSeS, CdHgSeTe, CdHgSTe, HgZnSeS, HgZnSeTe, HgZnSTe, or anycombination thereof.

The average particle diameter (D50) of the quantum dot may be about 2 toabout nm.

A light-emitting device may include: a first electrode; a secondelectrode facing the first electrode; and an emission layer disposedbetween the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein theemission layer may include the quantum dot-containing complex definedabove.

An optical member may include the quantum dot-containing complex definedabove.

The optical member may include a color conversion member.

A device may include the quantum dot-containing complex defined above.

The quantum dot-containing complex may be located in a path of light tobe emitted from the light source.

The light source may include an organic light emitting diode or alight-emitting diode.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description andthe following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and areintended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a furtherunderstanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute apart of this specification, illustrate exemplary embodiments of theinvention, and together with the description serve to explain theinventive concepts.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary embodiment illustrating astructure of a quantum dot-containing complex constructed according tothe principles of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary embodiment illustrating astructure of a light-emitting device constructed according to theprinciples of the invention.

FIG. 3 is a graphical depiction illustrating changes in external quantumefficiency over time of an exemplary embodiment of an organiclight-emitting device 1 and a comparative example of an organiclight-emitting device 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerousspecific details are set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of various exemplary embodiments or implementations of theinvention. As used herein “embodiments” and “implementations” areinterchangeable words that are non-limiting examples of devices ormethods employing one or more of the inventive concepts disclosedherein. It is apparent, however, that various exemplary embodiments maybe practiced without these specific details or with one or moreequivalent arrangements. In other instances, well-known structures anddevices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarilyobscuring various exemplary embodiments. Further, various exemplaryembodiments may be different, but do not have to be exclusive. Forexample, specific shapes, configurations, and characteristics of anexemplary embodiment may be used or implemented in another exemplaryembodiment without departing from the inventive concepts.

Unless otherwise specified, the illustrated exemplary embodiments are tobe understood as providing exemplary features of varying detail of someways in which the inventive concepts may be implemented in practice.Therefore, unless otherwise specified, the features, components,modules, layers, films, panels, regions, and/or aspects, etc.(hereinafter individually or collectively referred to as “elements”), ofthe various embodiments may be otherwise combined, separated,interchanged, and/or rearranged without departing from the inventiveconcepts.

The use of cross-hatching and/or shading in the accompanying drawings isgenerally provided to clarify boundaries between adjacent elements. Assuch, neither the presence nor the absence of cross-hatching or shadingconveys or indicates any preference or requirement for particularmaterials, material properties, dimensions, proportions, commonalitiesbetween illustrated elements, and/or any other characteristic,attribute, property, etc., of the elements, unless specified. Further,in the accompanying drawings, the size and relative sizes of elementsmay be exaggerated for clarity and/or descriptive purposes. When anexemplary embodiment may be implemented differently, a specific processorder may be performed differently from the described order. Forexample, two consecutively described processes may be performedsubstantially at the same time or performed in an order opposite to thedescribed order. Also, like reference numerals denote like elements.

When an element, such as a layer, is referred to as being “on,”“connected to,” or “coupled to” another element or layer, it may bedirectly on, connected to, or coupled to the other element or layer orintervening elements or layers may be present. When, however, an elementor layer is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly connected to,”or “directly coupled to” another element or layer, there are nointervening elements or layers present. To this end, the term“connected” may refer to physical, electrical, and/or fluid connection,with or without intervening elements. Further, the D1-axis, the D2-axis,and the D3-axis are not limited to three axes of a rectangularcoordinate system, such as the x, y, and z-axes, and may be interpretedin a broader sense. For example, the D1-axis, the D2-axis, and theD3-axis may be perpendicular to one another, or may represent differentdirections that are not perpendicular to one another. For the purposesof this disclosure, “at least one of X, Y, and Z” and “at least oneselected from the group consisting of X, Y, and Z” may be construed as Xonly, Y only, Z only, or any combination of two or more of X, Y, and Z,such as, for instance, XYZ, XYY, YZ, and ZZ. As used herein, the term“and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of theassociated listed items.

Although the terms “first,” “second,” etc. may be used herein todescribe various types of elements, these elements should not be limitedby these terms. These terms are used to distinguish one element fromanother element. Thus, a first element discussed below could be termed asecond element without departing from the teachings of the disclosure.

Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “under,” “lower,”“above,” “upper,” “over,” “higher,” “side” (e.g., as in “sidewall”), andthe like, may be used herein for descriptive purposes, and, thereby, todescribe one elements relationship to another element(s) as illustratedin the drawings. Spatially relative terms are intended to encompassdifferent orientations of an apparatus in use, operation, and/ormanufacture in addition to the orientation depicted in the drawings. Forexample, if the apparatus in the drawings is turned over, elementsdescribed as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would thenbe oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplaryterm “below” can encompass both an orientation of above and below.Furthermore, the apparatus may be otherwise oriented (e.g., rotated 90degrees or at other orientations), and, as such, the spatially relativedescriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, thesingular forms, “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the pluralforms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Moreover,the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” and/or “including,”when used in this specification, specify the presence of statedfeatures, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/orgroups thereof, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one ormore other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components,and/or groups thereof. It is also noted that, as used herein, the terms“substantially,” “about,” and other similar terms, are used as terms ofapproximation and not as terms of degree, and, as such, are utilized toaccount for inherent deviations in measured, calculated, and/or providedvalues that would be recognized

Various exemplary embodiments are described herein with reference tosectional and/or exploded illustrations that are schematic illustrationsof idealized exemplary embodiments and/or intermediate structures. Assuch, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, forexample, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to beexpected. Thus, exemplary embodiments disclosed herein should notnecessarily be construed as limited to the particular illustrated shapesof regions, but are to include deviations in shapes that result from,for instance, manufacturing. In this manner, regions illustrated in thedrawings may be schematic in nature and the shapes of these regions maynot reflect actual shapes of regions of a device and, as such, are notnecessarily intended to be limiting.

Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientificterms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by oneof ordinary skill in the art to which is this disclosure is a part.Terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should beinterpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning inthe context of the relevant art and should not be interpreted in anidealized or overly formal sense, unless expressly so defined herein.

Quantum Dot-Containing Complex

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary embodiment illustrating astructure of a quantum dot-containing complex constructed according tothe principles of the invention.

Referring to FIG. 1, the quantum dot-containing complex 1 includes: aquantum dot 10; and at least one ligand 20 coordinated to the surface ofthe quantum dot 10 and represented by Formula 1.

P₁-(L₁)_(d1)-(Z₄)_(b4)-[(A₃)_(a3)-(Z₃)_(b3)]_(m1)-(A₂)_(a2)-(Z₂)_(b2)-(A₁)_(a1)-(Z₁)_(b1)—(R_(a))_(c1)  <Formula1>

*—(Z₅)_(b5)—(S_(p))_(e1)—(Z₆)_(b6)—P₂  <Formula 2>

In Formula 1,

A₁ to A₃ may each independently be a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ heterocyclicgroup.

For example, A₁ to A₃ may each independently be selected from:

a benzene group, a pentalene group, an indene group, a naphthalenegroup, an azulene group, a heptalene group, an indacene group, anacenaphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, aspiro-benzofluorene-fluorene group, a benzofluorene group, adibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, ananthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pyrrolegroup, a thiophene group, a furan group, a silole group, an imidazolegroup, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, anoxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, apyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a benzofurangroup, a benzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophenegroup, a carbazole group, a benzosilole group, a dibenzosilole group, aquinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzimidazole group, animidazopyridine group, and an imidazopyrimidine group; and

a benzene group, a pentalene group, an indene group, a naphthalenegroup, an azulene group, a heptalene group, an indacene group, anacenaphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, aspiro-benzofluorene-fluorene group, a benzofluorene group, adibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, ananthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pyrrolegroup, a thiophene group, a furan group, a silole group, an imidazolegroup, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, anoxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, apyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a benzofurangroup, a benzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophenegroup, a carbazole group, a benzosilole group, a dibenzosilole group, aquinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzimidazole group, animidazopyridine group, and an imidazopyrimidine group, each substitutedwith at least one selected from a group represented by Formula 2,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexylgroup, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group,an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenylgroup, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, aspiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenylgroup, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group,a fluoranthenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, anaphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenylgroup, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, acoronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenylgroup, a furanyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, apyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, anisoquinolinyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group,—NCO, —NCS, —OCN, —SCN, —C(═O)N(Q₁₁)₂, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂),—B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂),

wherein Q₁₁ to Q₁₃ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, aC₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, and a pyridinyl group.

In Formula 1, a1 may be an integer from 1 to 6, and a2 and a3 may eachindependently be an integer from 0 to 6.

a1 to a3 are the numbers of A₁ to A₃, respectively, when a1 is 2 ormore, two or more A₁(s) may be identical to or different from eachother, when a2 is 2 or more, two or more A₂(s) may be identical to ordifferent from each other, when a3 is 2 or more, two or more A₃(s) maybe identical to or different from each other, when a2 is 0, -(A₂)_(a2)-may be a single bond, and when a3 is 0, -(A₃)_(a3)- may be a singlebond.

For example, *-(A₁)_(a1)-*′ to *-(A₃)_(a3)-*′ may each independently beselected from a group represented by Formulae A-1 to A-22:

In Formulae 1 and 2,

Z₁ to Z₆ may each independently be selected from *—O—*′, *—S—*′,*—C(═O)—*′, *—C(═O)O—*′, *—OC(═O)—*′, *—O—C(═O)—O—*′, *—OCH₂—*′,*—SCH₂—*′, *—CH₂S—*′, *—CF₂O—*′, *—OCF₂—*′, *—CF₂S—*′, *—SCF₂—*′,*—(CH₂)_(n1)—*′, *—CF₂CH₂—*′, *—CH₂CF₂—*′, *—(CF₂)_(n1)—*′, *—CH═CH—*′,*—CF═CF—*′, *—C≡C—*′, *—CH═CH—C(═O)O—*′, *—OC(═O)—CH═CH—*′,*—C(Q₁)(Q₂)—*′, *—CH(—(S_(p))_(e1)—P₃)*′, *—CH₂CH(—(S_(p))_(e1)—P₃)—*′,*—(CH(—(S_(p))_(e1)—P₃)CH(—(S_(p))_(e2)—P₃)—*′, and*—O(CH₂)—O(C═O)—(CH₂)_(n2)—*′,

n1 may be an integer from 1 to 4, and n2 may be an integer from 0 to 2,and

b1 to b6 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 6.

b1 to b6 are the numbers of Z₁ to Z₆, respectively, when b1 is 2 ormore, two or more Z₁(s) may be identical to or different from eachother, when b2 is 2 or more, two or more Z₂(s) may be identical to ordifferent from each other, when b3 is 2 or more, two or more Z₃(s) maybe identical to or different from each other, when b4 is 2 or more, twoor more Z₄(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when b5is 2 or more, two or more Z₅(s) may be identical to or different fromeach other, when b6 is 2 or more, two or more Z₆(s) may be identical toor different from each other, when b1 is 0, —(Z₁)_(b1)— may be a singlebond, when b2 is 0, —(Z₂)_(b2)— may be a single bond, when b3 is 0,—(Z₃)_(b3)— may be a single bond, when b4 is 0, —(Z₄)_(b4)— may be asingle bond, when b5 is 0, —(Z₅)_(b5)— may be a single bond, and when b6is 0, —(Z₆)_(b6)— may be a single bond.

In Formula 1, m1 may be an integer from 0 to 6.

m1 is the number of groups represented by “-[(A₃)_(a3)-(Z₃)_(b3)]—”,when m1 is 2 or more, groups represented by “-[(A₃)_(a3)-(Z₃)_(b3)]—”may be identical to or different from each other, and when m1 is 0, agroup represented by “-[(A₃)_(a3)-(Z₃)_(b3)]—” may be a single bond.

In Formula 1, L₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstitutedC₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group, *—S(═O)(Q₁)—*′, *—S(═O)₂—*′, *—P(═O)(Q₁)—*′,*—P(═O)₂—*′, *—P(═S)(Q₁)—*′, and *—P(═S)₂—*′.

For example, L₁ may be selected from:

a benzene group, a pentalene group, an indene group, a naphthalenegroup, an azulene group, a heptalene group, an indacene group, anacenaphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, aspiro-benzofluorene-fluorene group, a benzofluorene group, adibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, ananthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pyrrolegroup, a thiophene group, a furan group, a silole group, an imidazolegroup, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, anoxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, apyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a benzofurangroup, a benzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophenegroup, a carbazole group, a benzosilole group, a dibenzosilole group, aquinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzimidazole group, animidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, *—S(═O)(Q₁)—*′,*—S(═O)₂—*′, *—P(═O)(Q)-*′, *—P(═O)₂—*′, *—P(═S)(Q₁)—*′, and*—P(═S)₂—*′; and

a benzene group, a pentalene group, an indene group, a naphthalenegroup, an azulene group, a heptalene group, an indacene group, anacenaphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, aspiro-benzofluorene-fluorene group, a benzofluorene group, adibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, ananthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pyrrolegroup, a thiophene group, a furan group, a silole group, an imidazolegroup, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, anoxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, apyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a benzofurangroup, a benzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophenegroup, a carbazole group, a benzosilole group, a dibenzosilole group, aquinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzimidazole group, animidazopyridine group, and an imidazopyrimidine group, each substitutedwith at least one selected from a group represented by Formula 2,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexylgroup, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group,an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenylgroup, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, aspiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenylgroup, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group,a fluoranthenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, anaphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenylgroup, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, acoronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenylgroup, a furanyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, apyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, anisoquinolinyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group,—NCO, —NCS, —OCN, —SCN, —C(═O)N(Q₁₁)₂, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂),—B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂),

wherein Q₁ and Q₁₁ to Q₁₃ may each independently be selected fromhydrogen, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, abiphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, and a pyridinylgroup. 10074 In Formula 1, d1 may be an integer from 0 to 4.

d1 is the number of L₁(s), when d1 is 2 or more, two or more L₁(s) maybe identical to or different from each other, and when d1 is 0,-(L₁)_(d1)- may be a single bond.

In Formulae 1 and 2, S_(p) is a spacer group or a single bond.

Here, the spacer group may connect a core group A₁ to a polymerizablegroup or a core group A₁ to an anchoring group.

For example, the spacer group may be selected from: *—N(Q₁)—*′, *—O—*′,*—S—*′, *—Si(Q₁)(Q₂)—*′, a divalent C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, and a divalentC₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group; and a divalent C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group and a divalentC₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one of deuterium,—F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group,a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, —NCO, —NCS, —OCN, and —SCN,

wherein Q₁ to Q₂ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, aC₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, and a pyridinyl group, and

* and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In Formulae 1 and 2, e1 to e2 may each independently be an integer from1 to 4.

Each of e1 to e2 is the number of S_(p)(s), and when e1 or e2 is 2 ormore, two or more S_(p)(s) may be identical to or different from eachother.

For example, *—(S_(p))_(e1)—*′ and *—(S_(p))_(e2)—*′ may eachindependently be selected from a single bond, *—(CH₂)—*′,*—(CH₂CH₂O)_(i1)—CH₂CH₂—*′, *—CH₂CH₂—S—CH₂CH₂—*′, *—CH₂CH₂—NH—CH₂CH₂—*′,and *—(SiQ₁Q₂-O)_(i1)—*′,

wherein i1 may be an integer from 1 to 12,

Q₁ to Q₂ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, a naphthyl group, and a pyridinyl group, and

* and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In Formula 1, R_(a) is an anchoring group 21.

Here, when the ligand 20 is coordinated with the quantum dot 10, theanchoring group 21 is a coupler for adsorbing the ligand 20 on thequantum dot 10.

For example, R_(a) may be selected from an organic salt, *—OH, *—NO₂,*—COOH, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, *—(O(C(Q₁)(Q₂))_(n3)—O—C(Q₃)(Q₄)(Q))_(n4),*—N(Q₁)(Q₂), a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₃₀ alcohol group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₃₀ carboxylic acid group, a substitutedor unsubstituted C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, and a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

wherein at least one substituent of the substituted C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclicgroup, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₃₀alcohol group, and the substituted C₁-C₃₀ carboxylic acid group may beselected from a group represented by Formula 2, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br,—I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, amonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —NCO, —NCS, —OCN, —SCN,—C(═O)N(Q₁₁)₂, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂),—C(═O)(Q₁₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂),

Q₁ to Q₅ and Q to Q₁₃ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazonegroup, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynylgroup, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, amonovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a biphenylgroup, and a terphenyl group,

n3 and n4 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 6, and

* may indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

Here, the “organic salt” is not particularly limited as long as it is asalt of an organic group, but may be, for example, a salt of an imidegroup, a salt of a carboxyl group, a salt of a sulfonic acid group, asalt of a phosphoric acid, and the like.

For example, R_(a) may be selected from a group represented by FormulaeE-1 to E-28:

In Formulae E-1 to E-28,

-   -   n11 and n12 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 12,        and

* indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

-   -   In Formula 1, c1 may be an integer from 1 to 6.

c1 is the number of R_(a)(s), and when c1 is 2 or more, two or moreR_(a)(s) may be identical to or different from each other.

In Formulae 1 and 2, P₁ to P₃ may each independently be a polymerizablegroup 22.

The ligand 20 is a monomer including the polymerizable group 22, andafter each polymerizable group 22 of neighboring ligands is polymerizedwith each other by heating or the like, a network between the ligands isformed to exhibit thermosetting properties. Through the network, theligand 20 may be prevented from desorption or rearrangement.

For example, P₁ to P₃ may each independently be selected from a grouprepresented by Formulae P-1 to P-10:

In Formulae P-1 to P-10,

p may be an integer from 1 to 20, and

* indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

At least one substituent of the substituted C3-C60 carbocyclic group andthe substituted C1-C60 heterocyclic group may be selected from a grouprepresented by Formula 2, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group,a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, ahydrazone group, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C2-C60 alkenyl group, a C2-C60alkynyl group, a C1-C60 alkoxy group, a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, aC1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a C1-C10heterocycloalkenyl group, a C6-C60 aryl group, a C6-C60 aryloxy group, aC6-C60 arylthio group, a C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromaticcondensed heteropolycyclic group, —NCO, —NCS, —OCN, —SCN, —C(═O)N(Q11)2,—Si(Q11)(Q12)(Q13), —N(Q11)(Q12), —B(Q11)(Q12), —C(═O)(Q11),—S(═O)2(Q11), and —P(═O)(Q11)(Q12),

wherein Q₁ to Q₃ and Q₁₁ to Q₁₃ may each independently be selected fromhydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group,a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, ahydrazone group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, aC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, amonovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a biphenylgroup, and a terphenyl group, and

* and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, in Formula 1, A1 may besubstituted with at least one group represented by Formula 2.

The group substituted with A1 and represented by Formula 2 may be adispersion group 23.

The dispersion group 23 may improve dispersion of ligands such that whenink and photoresist are manufactured by using quantum dots, the quantumdots may be uniformly dispersed in a matrix.

For example, the ligand 20 may be at least one selected from ligand 1 toligand 14:

As described above, the ligand 20 is a monomer including thepolymerizable group 22, and after each polymerizable group 22 ofneighboring ligands are polymerized with each other by heating or thelike, a network between the ligands is formed to exhibit thermosettingproperties. Through the network, the ligand 20 may be prevented fromdesorption and rearrangement. Accordingly, a stable quantum dot may bemanufactured.

In contrast, when the ligand is not polymerized, the equilibrium statemay be changed by changes in concentration, pressure, temperature, andthe like in a state where the ligand is adsorbed on the surface of thequantum dot. In this regard, when the ligand adsorbed on the surface ofthe quantum dot is desorbed from the surface of the quantum dot,degradation of the quantum dot may be accelerated.

The quantum dot 10 is a spherical semiconductor nanomaterial having thesize of about several to several hundreds of nm and may include a coreformed of a material having a small band gap and a shell disposed tosurround the core.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, the quantum dot 10 may have acore-shell structure including a core including a first semiconductorhaving a crystal structure and a shell including a second semiconductorhaving a crystal structure, or may be a Perovskite compound.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, the first semiconductor and thesecond semiconductor may each independently include Group 12-Group16-based compounds, Group 13-Group 15-based compounds, Group 14-Group16-based compounds, Group 14-based compounds, Group 11-Group 13-Group16-based compounds, Group 11-Group 12-Group 13-Group 16-based compounds,and any combination thereof.

For example, the first semiconductor and the second semiconductor mayeach independently include CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnO, HgS,HgSe, HgTe, MgS, MgSe;

CdSeS, CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnSeS, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, HgSeS, HgSeTe, HgSTe, CdZnS,CdZnSe, CdZnTe, CdHgS, CdHgSe, CdHgTe, HgZnS, HgZnSe, HgZnTe MgZnS, andMgZnSe; CdZnSeS, CdZnSeTe, CdZnSTe, CdHgSeS, CdHgSeTe, CdHgSTe, HgZnSeS,HgZnSeTe, and HgZnSTe;

GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, InN, InP, InAs, InSb; GaNP,GaNAs, GaNSb, GaPAs, GaPSb, AlNP, AlNAs, AlNSb, AlPAs, AlPSb, InGaP,InAP, InNP, InNAs, InNSb, InPAs, InPSb, GaAlNP; GaANAs, GaANSb, GaAPAs,GaAPSb, GaInNP, GaInNAs, GaInNSb, GaInPAs, GaInPSb, InAlNP, InAlNAs,InAlNSb, InAlPAs, and InAPSb;

InZnP;

SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbS, PbSe, and PbTe; SnSeS, SnSeTe, SnSTe, PbSeS,PbSeTe, PbSTe, SnPbS, SnPbSe, and SnPbTe; SnPbSSe, SnPbSeTe, andSnPbSTe;

Si, Ge, SiC, and SiGe;

AgInS, AgInS₂, CuInS, CuInS₂, CuGaO₂, AgGaO₂, and AgAlO₂; and anycombination thereof.

For example, the first semiconductor may include GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb,AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, InN, InP, InAs, InSb, GaNP, GaNAs, GaNSb, GaPAs,GaPSb, AlNP, AlNAs, AlNSb, AlPAs, AlPSb, InGaP, InAlP, InNP, InNAs,InNSb, InPAs, InPSb, GaAlNP GaANAs, GaAlNSb, GaAlPAs, GaAlPSb, GaInNP,GaInNAs, GaInNSb, GaInPAs, GaInPSb, InAlNP, InAlNAs, InAlNSb, InAlPAs,InAlPSb, and any combination thereof, and the second semiconductor mayinclude CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, MgS,MgSe, CdSeS, CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnSeS, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, HgSeS, HgSeTe, HgSTe,CdZnS, CdZnSe, CdZnTe, CdHgS, CdHgSe, CdHgTe, HgZnS, HgZnSe, HgZnTeMgZnS, MgZnSe, CdZnSeS, CdZnSeTe, CdZnSTe, CdHgSeS, CdHgSeTe, CdHgSTe,HgZnSeS, HgZnSeTe, HgZnSTe, and any combination thereof.

The Perovskite compound is a material having a three-dimensional crystalstructure related to a crystal structure of CaTiO₃.

For example, the Perovskite compound may be represented by Formula 4:

[A][B_(m)][X]₃  <Formula 4>

In Formula 4,

A may be at least one monovalent organic-cation, a monovalentinorganic-cation, or any combination thereof,

B may be at least one divalent inorganic-cation,

m may a real number satisfying 0<m≤1, and

X may be at least one monovalent anion.

An average particle diameter (D50) of the quantum dot 10 may be in arange of about 2 to about 10 nm.

An average particle diameter (D50) of the quantum dot-containing complex1 may be in a range of about 40 nm to about 1,000 nm, for example, about50 nm to about 1,000 nm or about 100 nm to about 500 nm, and, as anotherexample, about 100 nm to about 200 nm. When the average particlediameter (D50) of the quantum dot-containing complex 1 is within therange, the quantum dot-containing complex 1 may have an excellent degreeof dispersion while including a relatively large amount of quantum dots10.

Light-Emitting Device

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary embodiment illustrating astructure of a light-emitting device constructed according to theprinciples of the invention.

A structure of the light-emitting device 100 according to an exemplaryembodiment and a method of manufacturing is described in connection withFIG. 2.

Referring to FIG. 2, the light-emitting device 100 according to anexemplary embodiment includes: a first electrode 110; a second electrode190 facing the first electrode 110; is an emission layer 150 disposedbetween the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 190, whereinthe emission layer 150 includes a quantum dot-containing complex 151.

The quantum dot-containing complex 151 is described herein.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, the light-emitting device 100 mayfurther include at least one of a hole transport region 130 disposedbetween the first electrode 110 and the emission layer 150 and anelectron transport region 170 disposed between the emission layer 150and the second electrode 190.

First Electrode 110

The first electrode 110 may be formed by depositing or sputtering amaterial for forming the first electrode 110 on the substrate. When thefirst electrode 110 is an anode, the material for forming the firstelectrode 110 may be selected from materials with a high work functionto facilitate hole injection.

In FIG. 2, a substrate may be additionally disposed under the firstelectrode 110 or above the second electrode 190. The substrate may be aglass substrate or a plastic substrate, each having excellent mechanicalstrength, thermal stability, transparency, surface smoothness, ease ofhandling, and water resistance.

The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, asemi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. When the firstelectrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, a material for forming thefirst electrode 110 may be selected from an indium tin oxide (ITO), anindium zinc oxide (IZO), a tin oxide (SnO₂), a zinc oxide (ZnO), and anycombinations thereof, but exemplary embodiments are not limited thereto.In one or more exemplary embodiments, when the first electrode 110 is asemi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, a material forforming the first electrode 110 may be selected from magnesium (Mg),silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca),magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), and any combinationsthereof, but exemplary embodiments are not limited thereto.

The first electrode 110 may have a single-layered structure, or amulti-layered structure including two or more layers. For example, thefirst electrode 110 may have a three-layered structure of ITO/Ag/ITO,but the structure of the first electrode 110 is not limited thereto.

Hole Transport Region 130

The hole transport region 130 may have i) a single-layered structureconsisting of a single layer consisting of a single material, ii) asingle-layered structure consisting of a single layer consisting of aplurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structurehaving a plurality of layers consisting of a plurality of differentmaterials.

The hole transport region 130 may include at least one layer selectedfrom a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emissionauxiliary layer, and an electron blocking layer.

For example, the hole transport region 130 may have a single-layeredstructure consisting of a single layer consisting of a plurality ofdifferent materials, or a multi-layered structure having a holeinjection layer/hole transport layer structure, a hole injectionlayer/hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a holeinjection layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole transportlayer/emission auxiliary layer structure, or a hole injection layer/holetransport layer/electron blocking layer structure, wherein for eachstructure, constituent layers are sequentially stacked from the firstelectrode 110 in this stated order, but the structure of the holetransport region is not limited thereto.

The hole transport region may include at least one selected from4,4′,4″-tris[phenyl(m-tolyl)amino]triphenylamine (m-MTDATA);1-N,1-N-bis[4-(diphenylamino)phenyl]-4-N,4-N-diphenylbenzene-1,4-diamine(TDATA), 4,4′,4″-tris[2-naphthyl(phenyl)amino]triphenylamine (2-TNATA);N,N′-di(naphtalene-1-yl)-N,N′-diphenyl-benzidine (NPB or NPD);N4,N4′-di(naphthalen-2-yl)-N4,N4′-diphenyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine(β-NPB);N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-[1,1-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine(TPD);4(N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-9,9-spirobifluorene-2,7-diamine(spiro-TPD); 2,7-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)anilino]-9,9′-spirobi[9H-fluorene](spiro-NPB);2,2′-dimethyl-N,N′-di-[(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine(methylated-NPB); 4,4′-cyclohexylidenebis[N,N-bis(4-methylphenyl)benzenamine] (TAPC);4,4′-bis[N,N′-(3-tolyl)amino]-3,3′-dimethylbiphenyl (HMTPD);4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA);

polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA);poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS);polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA),polyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANIPSS); a compound representedby Formula 201, and a compound represented by Formula 202:

In Formulae 201 and 202,

L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₄ may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

L₂₀₅ may be selected from *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—N(Q₂₀₁)—*′, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₂₀ alkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xa1 to xa4 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 3,

xa5 may be an integer from 1 to 10, and

R₂₀₁ to R₂₀4 and Q₂₀₁ may each independently be selected from asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, in Formula 202, R₂₀₁ and R₂₀₂ mayoptionally be linked to each other via a single bond, adimethyl-methylene group, or a diphenyl-methylene group, and R₂₀₃ andR₂₀₄ may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond, adimethyl-methylene group, or a diphenyl-methylene group.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, in Formulae 201 and 202,

L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₅ may each independently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, anaphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group, anindacenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenalenylene group, a phenanthrenylenegroup, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, atriphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, anaphthacenylene group, a picenylene group, a perylenylene group, apentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, arubicenylene group, a coronenylene group, an ovalenylene group, athiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, anindolylene group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, abenzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, adibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, adibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, and apyridinylene group; and

a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, anaphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group, anindacenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenalenylene group, a phenanthrenylenegroup, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, atriphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, anaphthacenylene group, a picenylene group, a perylenylene group, apentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, arubicenylene group, a coronenylene group, an ovalenylene group, athiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, anindolylene group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, abenzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, adibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, adibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, and apyridinylene group, each substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexylgroup, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl groupsubstituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with—F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenylgroup, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, ananthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group,a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, athiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group,an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinylgroup, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, xa1 to xa4 may each independentlybe 0, 1, or 2.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, xa5 may be 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ and Q₂₀₁ may eachindependently be selected from: a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group,an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, anacenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, abenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, aphenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, atriphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenylgroup, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, ahexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenylgroup, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, acarbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranylgroup, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, adibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group; and

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group,an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenylgroup, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, aspiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenylgroup, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group,a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, achrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenylgroup, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, arubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenylgroup, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, anisoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and apyridinyl group, each substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexylgroup, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl groupsubstituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with—F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenylgroup, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, ananthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group,a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, athiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group,an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinylgroup, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are the same as described above.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, at least one of R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₃ inFormula 201 may each independently be selected from:

a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group; and

a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substitutedwith at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, acyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, acyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkylgroup, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, a fluorenylgroup, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranylgroup, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, but exemplary embodiments are notlimited thereto.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, in Formula 202, i) R₂₀₁ and R₂₀₂may be linked to each other via a single bond, and/or ii) R₂₀₃ and R₂₀₄may be linked to each other via a single bond.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, at least one of R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ inFormula 202 may be selected from:

a carbazolyl group; and

a carbazolyl group substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexylgroup, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl groupsubstituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with—F, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, acarbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group,but exemplary embodiments are not limited thereto.

The compound represented by Formula 201 may be represented by Formula201-1 below:

In one exemplary embodiment, the compound represented by Formula 201 maybe represented by Formula 201-2 below, but exemplary embodiments are notlimited thereto:

In one or more exemplary embodiments, the compound represented byFormula 201 may be represented by Formula 201-2(1) below, but exemplaryembodiments are not limited thereto:

The compound represented by Formula 201 may be represented by Formula201A below:

In one exemplary embodiment, the compound represented by Formula 201 maybe represented by Formula 201A(1) below, but exemplary embodiments arenot limited thereto:

In one or more exemplary embodiments, the compound represented byFormula 201 may be represented by Formula 201A-1 below, but exemplaryembodiments are not limited thereto:

In one exemplary embodiment, the compound represented by Formula 202 maybe represented by Formula 202-1 below:

In one or more exemplary embodiments, the compound represented byFormula 202 may be represented by Formula 202-1(1) below:

In one exemplary embodiment, the compound represented by Formula 202 maybe represented by Formula 202A below:

In one or more exemplary embodiments, the compound represented byFormula 202 may be represented by Formula 202A-1 below:

In Formulae 201-1, 201-2, 201-2(1), 201A, 201A(1), 201A-1, 202-1,202-1(1), 202A, and 202A-1,

L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₃, xa1 to xa3, xa5, and R₂₀₂ to R₂₀₄ may each be understoodby referring to the corresponding descriptions thereof presented herein,

L₂₀₅ may be selected from a phenylene group and a fluorenylene group,

X₂₁₁ may be selected from O, S, and N(R₂₁₁),

X₂₁₂ may be selected from O, S, and N(R₂₁₂),

R₂₁₁ and R₂₁₂ may each be understood by referring to the descriptionsprovided in connection with R₂₀₃, and

R₂₁₃ to R₂₁₇ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexylgroup, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl groupsubstituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with—F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenylgroup, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, ananthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group,a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, athiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group,an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and apyridinyl group.

The hole transport region 130 may include at least one compound selectedfrom Compounds HT1 to HT48, but exemplary embodiments are not limitedthereto:

For example, the hole transport region 130 may include a metal oxide.

The thickness of the hole transport region 130 may be in a range ofabout 100 Å to about 10,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,000Å. When the thickness of the hole transport region 130 is within therange described above, satisfactory hole transportation characteristicsmay be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The emission auxiliary layer may increase light-emission efficiency bycompensating for an optical resonance distance according to thewavelength of light emitted by the emission layer, and the electronblocking layer may block the flow of electrons from the electrontransport region. The emission auxiliary layer and the electron blockinglayer may include the materials as described above.

Emission Layer 150

The emission layer 150 may be a structure having a single layer or twoor more layers stacked therein. For example, the emission layer 150 maybe a structure having a single layer or about two to about ten layersstacked therein.

The emission layer 150 includes at least one quantum dot-containingcomplex 151 (hereinafter, even described as “quantum dot”) describedabove.

A quantum dot is dispersed in a naturally coordinated form in adispersion medium such as an organic solvent or a polymer resin, and thedispersion medium may be any transparent medium as long as the medium isnot deteriorated by light or the medium does not reflect light, and themedium does not cause light absorption, while not affecting wavelengthconversion performance of the quantum dot. For example, the organicsolvent may include at least one of toluene, chloroform, and ethanol,and the polymer resin may include at least one selected from an epoxy, asilicone, a polyethylene, and an acrylate.

A quantum dot has a discontinuous band gap energy, unlike a material inthe bulk state, due to a quantum confinement effect. In addition, aquantum dot is characterized in that an interval between the energy bandgap is different depending on the size of the quantum dot, and thus thesame quantum dots having different sizes may emit light of differentwavelengths. The smaller the size of a quantum dot is, the higher a bandgap energy is, and thus, the wavelength of light emitted therefrombecomes shorter. Based on these characteristics of the quantum dot,growth conditions of a nanocrystal may be appropriately varied to adjustthe size of the quantum dot such that light of a wavelength region ofthe exemplary embodiments may be obtained. Accordingly, by introducingsuch quantum dot into a light-emitting device, the light-emitting devicehaving excellent luminance efficiency and color purity may beimplemented.

Electron Transport Region 170

The electron transport region 170 may have i) a single-layered structureconsisting of a single layer consisting of a single material, ii) asingle-layered structure consisting of a single layer consisting of aplurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structurehaving a plurality of layers consisting of a plurality of differentmaterials.

The electron transport region 170 may include at least one layerselected from a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron controllayer, an electron transport layer (ETL), and an electron injectionlayer, but exemplary embodiments are not limited thereto.

For example, the electron transport region 170 may have an electrontransport layer/electron injection layer structure, a hole blockinglayer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, anelectron control layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layerstructure, or a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injectionlayer structure, wherein, for each structure, constituent layers aresequentially stacked from the emission layer 150 in this stated order.However, exemplary embodiments of the structure of the electrontransport region 170 are not limited thereto.

The electron transport region 170 (for example, a buffer layer, a holeblocking layer, an electron control layer, or an electron transportlayer in the electron transport region 170 may include a metal-freecompound containing at least one 7 electron-depleted nitrogen-containingring.

The “n electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring” indicates a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group having at least one *—N=*′ moiety as a ring-formingmoiety.

For example, the “n electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring” may bei) a 5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic group having at least one*—N═*′ moiety, ii) a heteropolycyclic group in which two or more5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic groups each having at leastone *—N═*′ moiety are condensed with each other, or iii) aheteropolycyclic group in which at least one of 5-membered to 7-memberedheteromonocyclic groups, each having at least one *—N═*′ moiety, iscondensed with at least one C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group.

Non-limiting examples of the 7 electron-depleted nitrogen-containingring include an imidazole, a pyrazole, a thiazole, an isothiazole, anoxazole, an isoxazole, a pyridine, a pyrazine, a pyrimidine, apyridazine, an indazole, a purine, a quinoline, an isoquinoline, abenzoquinoline, a phthalazine, a naphthyridine, a quinoxaline, aquinazoline, a cinnoline, a phenanthridine, an acridine, aphenanthroline, a phenazine, a benzimidazole, an isobenzothiazole, abenzoxazole, an isobenzoxazole, a triazole, a tetrazole, an oxadiazole,a triazine, a thiadiazole, an imidazopyridine, an imidazopyrimidine, andan azacarbazole, but the exemplary embodiments are not limited thereto.

For example, the electron transport region 170 may include a compoundrepresented by Formula 601 below:

[Ar₆₀₁]_(xe11)-[(L₆₀₁)_(xe1)-R₆₀₁]_(xe21)  <Formula 601>

In Formula 601,

Ar₆₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group ora substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocyclic group,

xe1 may be 1, 2, or 3,

L₆₀₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xe1 may be an integer from 0 to 5,

R₆₀₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromaticcondensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂)(Q₆₀₃), —C(═O)(Q₆₀₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₆₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂),

Q₆₀₁ to Q₆₀₃ may each independently be a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or anaphthyl group, and

xe21 may be an integer from 1 to 5.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, at least one of Ar₆₀₁(s) in thenumber of xe11 and R₆₀₁(s) in the number of xe21 may include the 7electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, Ar₆₀₁ in Formula 601 may beselected from:

a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, aspiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group,a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, afluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, apentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, adibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, an imidazole group, apyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazolegroup, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, apyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, an indazole group, a purine group,a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, aphthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, aquinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, anacridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, abenzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, anisobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazolegroup, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group,an imidazopyrimidine group, and an azacarbazole group; and

a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, aspiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group,a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, afluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, apentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, adibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, an imidazole group, apyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazolegroup, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, apyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, an indazole group, a purine group,a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, aphthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, aquinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, anacridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, abenzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, anisobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazolegroup, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group,an imidazopyrimidine group, and an azacarbazole group, each substitutedwith at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, aphenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group,—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

When xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or more, two or more Ar₆₀₁(s) may belinked to each other via a single bond.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, Ar₆₀₁ in Formula 601 may be ananthracene group.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, a compound represented by Formula601 may be represented by Formula 601-1 below:

In Formula 601-1,

X₆₁₄ may be N or C(R₆₁₄), X₆₁₅ may be N or C(R₆₁₅), X₆₁₆ may be N orC(R₆₁₆), and at least one selected from X₆₁₄ to X₆₁₆ may be N,

L₆₁₁ to L₆₁₃ may each be understood by referring to the descriptionsprovided in connection with L₆₀₁,

xe611 to xe613 may each be understood by referring to the descriptionpresented in connection with xe1,

R₆₁₁ to R₆₁₃ may each be understood by referring to the descriptionsprovided in connection with R₆₀₁, and

R₆₁₄ to R₆₁₆ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, L₆₀₁ and L₆₁₁ to L₆₁₃ in Formulae601 and 601-1 may each independently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, apyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, anoxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, anoxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, apyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, anisoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylenegroup, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, aquinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylenegroup, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, aphenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylenegroup, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, atriazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group,an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and an azacarbazolylene group; and

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, apyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, anoxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, anoxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, apyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, anisoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylenegroup, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, aquinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylenegroup, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, aphenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylenegroup, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, atriazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group,an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and an azacarbazolylene group, eachsubstituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, anaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, abenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group,an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenylgroup, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, afuranyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolylgroup, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranylgroup, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, adibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, animidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolylgroup, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, anoxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinylgroup, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, abenzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, aquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, aphenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, aphenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, abenzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, atetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinylgroup, and an azacarbazolyl group, but exemplary embodiments are notlimited thereto.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formulae601 and 601-1 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, R₆₀₁ and R₆₁₁ to R₆₁₃ in Formulae601 and 601-1 may each independently be selected from:

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group;

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group, each substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, aspiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenylgroup, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenylgroup, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, aperylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, anindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group; and

—S(═O)₂(Q₆₀₁) and —P(═O)(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂),

wherein Q₆₀₁ and Q₆₀₂ are the same as described above.

The electron transport region 170 may include at least one compoundselected from Compounds ET1 to ET36, but exemplary embodiments are notlimited thereto:

In one or more exemplary embodiments, the electron transport region 170may include at least one compound selected from2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP),4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen),tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (Alq3),bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato-N1,O8)-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-olato)aluminum(BAlq),3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole(TAZ), and 4-(naphthalen-1-yl)-3,5-diphenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (NTAZ).

The thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, or theelectron control layer may be in a range of about 20 Å to about 1,000 Å,for example, about 30 Å to about 300 Å. When the thicknesses of thebuffer layer, the hole blocking layer, and the electron control layerare within these ranges, excellent hole blocking characteristics orelectron control characteristics may be obtained without a substantialincrease in driving voltage.

The thickness of the electron transport layer may be in a range of about100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 150 Å to about 500 Å. Whenthe thickness of the electron transport layer is within the rangedescribed above, the electron transport layer may have satisfactoryelectron transport characteristics without a substantial increase indriving voltage.

The electron transport region 170 (for example, the electron transportlayer in the electron transport region 170) may further include, inaddition to the materials described above, a metal-containing material.

The metal-containing material may include at least one selected from analkali metal complex and an alkaline earth-metal complex. The alkalimetal complex may include a metal ion selected from a L₁ ion, a Na ion,a K ion, an Rb ion, and a Cs ion, and the alkaline earth-metal complexmay include a metal ion selected from a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Srion, and a Ba ion. A ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkalimetal complex or the alkaline earth-metal complex may be selected from ahydroxy quinoline, a hydroxy isoquinoline, a hydroxy benzoquinoline, ahydroxy acridine, a hydroxy phenanthridine, a hydroxy phenyloxazole, ahydroxy phenylthiazole, a hydroxy diphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxydiphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxy phenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxy phenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, aphenanthroline, and a cyclopentadiene, but exemplary embodiments are notlimited thereto.

For example, the metal-containing material may include a L₁ complex. TheL₁ complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (lithium quinolate,LiQ) or ET-D2 below.

The electron transport region 170 may include an electron injectionlayer that facilitates injection of electrons from the second electrode190. The electron injection layer may be in direct contact with thesecond electrode 190.

The electron injection layer may have i) a single-layered structureconsisting of a single layer consisting of a single material, ii) asingle-layered structure consisting of a single layer consisting of aplurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structurehaving a plurality of layers consisting of a plurality of differentmaterials.

The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkalineearth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkalineearth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metalcomplex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, orany combination thereof.

The alkali metal may be selected from L₁, Na, K, Rb, and Cs. In one ormore exemplary embodiments, the alkali metal may be L₁, Na, or Cs. Inone or more exemplary embodiments, the alkali metal may be L₁ or Cs, butexemplary embodiments are not limited thereto.

The alkaline earth metal may be selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba.

The rare earth metal may be selected from Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, and Gd.

The alkali metal compound, the alkaline earth-metal compound, and therare earth metal compound may be selected from oxides and halides (forexample, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, or iodides) of the alkalimetal, the alkaline earth-metal, and the rare earth metal.

The alkali metal compound may be selected from alkali metal oxides, suchas Li₂O, Cs₂O, or K₂O, and alkali metal halides, such as LiF, NaF, CsF,KF, LiI, NaI, CsI, KI, or RbI. In one or more exemplary embodiments, thealkali metal compound may be selected from LiF, Li₂O, NaF, LiI, NaI,CsI, and KI, but exemplary embodiments are not limited thereto.

The alkaline earth-metal compound may be selected from alkalineearth-metal oxides, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, Ba_(x)Sr_(1-x)O (0<x<1), orBa_(x)Ca_(1-x)O (0<x<1). In one or more exemplary embodiments, thealkaline earth-metal compound may be selected from BaO, SrO, and CaO,but exemplary embodiments are not limited thereto.

The rare earth metal compound may be selected from YbF₃, ScF₃, Sc₂O₃,Y₂O₃, Ce₂O₃, GdF₃ and TbF₃. In one or more exemplary embodiments, therare earth metal compound may be selected from YbF₃, ScF₃, TbF₃, YbI₃,ScI₃, and TbI₃, but exemplary embodiments are not limited thereto.

The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, and the rareearth metal complex may include an ion of alkali metal, alkalineearth-metal, and rare earth metal as described above, and a ligandcoordinated with a metal ion of the alkali metal complex, the alkalineearth-metal complex, or the rare earth metal complex may be selectedfrom hydroxy quinoline, hydroxy isoquinoline, hydroxy benzoquinoline,hydroxy acridine, hydroxy phenanthridine, hydroxy phenyloxazole, hydroxyphenylthiazole, hydroxy diphenyloxadiazole, hydroxy diphenylthiadiazole,hydroxy phenylpyridine, hydroxy phenylbenzimidazole, hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, and cyclopentadiene,but exemplary embodiments are not limited thereto.

The electron injection layer may consist of an alkali metal, an alkalineearth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkalineearth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metalcomplex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, orany combination thereof, as described above. In one or more exemplaryembodiments, the electron injection layer may further include an organicmaterial. When the electron injection layer further includes an organicmaterial, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal,an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earthmetal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metalcomplex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combinations thereof may behomogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in a matrix consisting ofthe organic material.

The thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about1 Å to about 100 Å, for example, about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When thethickness of the electron injection layer is within the range,satisfactory electron injection characteristics may be obtained withoutsubstantial increase in driving voltage.

Second Electrode 190

As described above, the light-emitting device 100 includes the secondelectrode 190 facing the first electrode 110. The second electrode 190is the same as described above. The second electrode 190 may be thecathode, which is an electron injection electrode, and as the materialfor the second electrode 190, a metal, an alloy, an electricallyconductive compound, or any combination thereof, each having a low workfunction, may be used.

The second electrode 190 may include lithium (L₁), silver (Ag),magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca),magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), An ITO, an IZO, orany combination thereof, but exemplary embodiments are not limitedthereto. The second electrode 190 may be a transmissive electrode, asemi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.

The second electrode 190 may have a single-layered structure, or amulti-layered structure including two or more layers.

Capping Layer

A first capping layer may be located outside the first electrode 110,and/or a second capping layer may be located outside the secondelectrode 190. In detail, the light-emitting device 100 may have astructure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, theemission layer 150, and the second electrode 190 are sequentiallystacked in this stated order, a structure in which the first electrode110, the emission layer 150, the second electrode 190, and the secondcapping layer are sequentially stacked in this stated order, or astructure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, theemission layer 150, the second electrode 190, and the second cappinglayer are sequentially stacked in this stated order.

Light generated in the emission layer 150 of the light-emitting device100 may be extracted toward the outside through the first electrode 110and the first capping layer, each of which may be a semi-transmissiveelectrode or a transmissive electrode, or light generated in theemission layer 150 of the light-emitting device 100 may be extractedtoward the outside through the second electrode 190 and the secondcapping layer, each of which may be a semi-transmissive electrode or atransmissive electrode.

The first capping layer and the second capping layer may increaseexternal luminescence efficiency according to the constructiveinterference.

The first capping layer and the second capping layer may eachindependently be an organic capping layer including an organic material,an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or acomposite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganicmaterial.

At least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer mayeach independently include a carbocyclic compound, a heterocycliccompound, an amine group-containing compound, a porphine derivative, aphthalocyanine derivative, a naphthalocyanine derivative, an alkalimetal complex, an alkaline earth-based complex, or a combinationthereof. The carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and theamine group-containing compound may be optionally substituted with asubstituent containing O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combinationthereof.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, at least one of the first cappinglayer and the second capping layer may each independently include anamine group-containing compound.

For example, at least one of the first capping layer and second cappinglayer may each independently include a compound represented by Formula201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, at least one selected from thefirst capping layer and the second capping layer may each independentlyinclude a compound selected from Compounds HT28 to HT33, Compounds CP1to CP5, or any combination thereof, but the exemplary embodiments arenot limited thereto:

Apparatus

The light-emitting device 100 may be included in various apparatuses.For example, each of a light-emitting apparatus, an authenticationapparatus, or an electronic apparatus may include the light-emittingdevice 100.

The light-emitting apparatus may further include, in addition to thelight-emitting device 100, a color filter. The color filter may belocated on at least one traveling direction of light emitted from thelight-emitting device 100. For example, light emitted from thelight-emitting device 100 may be blue light, but exemplary embodimentsare not limited thereto. The light-emitting device 100 is the same asdescribed above.

In this regard, the color filter may include the quantum dot-containingcomplex.

The light-emitting apparatus may include a first substrate. The firstsubstrate may include a plurality of subpixel areas, and the colorfilter may include a plurality of color filter areas respectivelycorresponding to the plurality of subpixel areas.

A pixel-defining film may be formed between the plurality of subpixelareas to define each of the subpixel areas.

The color filter may further include light blocking patterns locatedbetween the plurality of color filter areas.

The plurality of color filter areas may include a first color filterarea emitting first color light, a second color filter area emittingsecond color light, and/or a third color filter area emitting thirdcolor light, and the first color light, the second color light, and/orthe third color light may have different maximum emission wavelengthsfrom one another. For example, the first color light may be a red light,the second color light may be a green light, and the third color lightmay be a blue light, but exemplary embodiments are not limited thereto.For example, each of the plurality of color filter areas may include aquantum dot, but exemplary embodiments are not limited thereto. Indetail, the first color filter area may include a red quantum dot, thesecond color filter area may include a green quantum dot, and the thirdcolor filter area may not include a quantum dot. The quantum dot is thesame as described above. Each of the first color filter area, the secondcolor filter area, and/or the third color filter area may include ascatter, but exemplary embodiments are not limited thereto.

For example, the light-emitting device 100 may emit first light, thefirst color filter area may absorb the first light to emit firstfirst-color light, the second color filter area may absorb the firstlight to emit second first-color light, and the third color filter areamay absorb the first light to emit third first-color light. In thisregard, the first first-color light, the second first-color light, andthe third first-color light may have different maximum emissionwavelengths from one another. In detail, the first light may be bluelight, the first first-color light may be red light, the secondfirst-color light may be green light, and the third first-color lightmay be blue light, but exemplary embodiments are not limited thereto.

The light-emitting apparatus may be used as various displays, lightsources, and the like.

The authentication apparatus may be, for example, a biometricauthentication apparatus for authenticating an individual by usingbiometric information of a biometric body (for example, a finger tip, apupil, or the like).

The authentication apparatus may further include, in addition to thelight-emitting device 100, a biometric information collector.

The electronic apparatus may be applied to personal computers (forexample, a mobile personal computer), mobile phones, digital cameras,electronic organizers, electronic dictionaries, electronic gamemachines, medical instruments (for example, electronic thermometers,sphygmomanometers, blood glucose meters, pulse measurement devices,pulse wave measurement devices, electrocardiogram (ECG) displays,ultrasonic diagnostic devices, or endoscope displays), fish finders,various measuring instruments, meters (for example, meters for avehicle, an aircraft, and a vessel), projectors, and the like, butexemplary embodiments are not limited thereto.

Hereinbefore, the light-emitting device 100 has been described inconnection with FIG. 2, but exemplary embodiments are not limitedthereto.

Each layer included in the light-emitting device 100 may be formed in acertain region by using various methods such as vacuum deposition, spincoating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, ink-jet printing,laser-printing, and laser-induced thermal imaging (LITI).

When each layer is formed by vacuum deposition, the deposition may beperformed at a deposition temperature of about 100 to about 500° C., avacuum degree of about 10⁸ to about 10⁻³ torr, and a deposition speed ofabout 0.01 to about 100 Å/sec, by taking into account the material to beformed into the layer and its structure.

When each layer is formed by spin coating, the spin coating may beperformed at a coating speed of about 2,000 rpm to about 5,000 rpm and aheat treatment temperature of about 80° C. to about 200° C., by takinginto account a material to be included in a layer to be formed, and thestructure of a layer to be formed.

Display Apparatus

The light-emitting device 100 may be included in a display apparatusincluding a thin-film transistor. The thin-film transistor may include asource electrode, a drain electrode, and an activation layer, whereinone of the source electrode and the drain electrode may be in electricalcontact with the first electrode 110 of the light-emitting device 100.

The thin-film transistor may further include a gate electrode, a gateinsulation film, or the like.

The activation layer may include a crystalline silicon, an amorphoussilicon, an organic semiconductor, an oxide semiconductor, or the like,but exemplary embodiments are not limited thereto.

The display apparatus may further include a sealing part for sealing thelight-emitting device 100. The sealing part may allow an image from thelight-emitting device 100 to be implemented and may block external airand moisture from penetrating into the light-emitting device 100. Thesealing part may be a sealing substrate including a transparent glass ora plastic substrate. The sealing part may be a thin-film encapsulationlayer including a plurality of organic layers and/or a plurality ofinorganic layers. When the sealing part is a thin-film encapsulationlayer, the entire flat display apparatus may be flexible.

Optical Member and Device

According to another aspect, provided is an optical member including thequantum dot-containing complex.

The optical member may be a color conversion member.

The color conversion member may include a substrate and a pattern layerformed on the substrate.

The substrate may be the color conversion member itself or may be aregion in which the color conversion member is located in variousdevices (for example, a display device). The substrate may be a glass, asilicon (Si), a silicon oxide (SiO_(x)), or a polymer substrate, and thepolymer substrate may be a polyethersulfone (PES), a polycarbonate (PC),or the like.

The pattern layer may include a quantum dot-containing complex having athin-film form. For example, the pattern layer may be a quantumdot-containing complex having the thin-film form.

The color conversion member including the substrate and the patternlayer may further include a partition wall or a black matrix, which isformed between each pattern layer. The color conversion member mayfurther include a color filter to further improve light conversionefficiency.

The color conversion member may include a red pattern layer capable ofemitting red light, a green pattern layer capable of emitting greenlight, a blue pattern layer capable of emitting blue light, or anycombination thereof. The red pattern layer, the green pattern layer,and/or the blue pattern layer may be implemented by controlling acomponent, a composition, and/or a structure of a quantum dot in thequantum dot-containing complex.

According to another aspect, a device or an optical member includes thequantum dot-containing complex.

The device may further include a light source, and the quantumdot-containing complex (or the optical member including the quantumdot-containing complex) may be located in a path of light emitted fromthe light source.

The light source may emit blue light, red light, green light, or whitelight. For example, the light source may emit blue light.

The light source may be an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) or alight-emitting diode (LED).

The light emitted from the light source as described above may bephotoconverted by the quantum dot of the quantum dot-containing complexwhile passing through the quantum dot-containing complex, and lighthaving a different wavelength from the wavelength of the light emittedfrom the light source may be emitted due to the quantum dot-containingcomplex.

The device may be various display devices, lighting devices, or thelike.

In this regard, the organic light-emitting device includes the firstelectrode, an organic layer including the emission layer, and the secondelectrode.

The organic layer may further include at least one of the hole transportregion disposed between the first electrode and the emission layer andthe electron transport region disposed between the emission layer andthe second electrode.

The first electrode, the second electrode, the hole transport region,and the electron transport region are the same as described above.

The emission layer included in the organic light-emitting device isdescribed in detail hereinafter.

Emission Layer in Organic Light-Emitting Device

When the organic light-emitting device is a full-color light-emittingdevice, the emission layer may be patterned into a red emission layer, agreen emission layer, and/or a blue emission layer, according to arepresentative sub-pixel. In one or more exemplary embodiments, theemission layer may have a stacked structure of two or more layers amongthe red emission layer, the green emission layer, and the blue emissionlayer, in which the two or more layers contact each other or areseparated from each other. In one or more exemplary embodiments, theemission layer may include two or more materials among a redlight-emitting material, a green light-emitting material, and a bluelight-emitting material, in which the two or more materials are mixedwith each other in a single layer to emit white light.

The emission layer may include a host and a dopant. The dopant mayinclude a phosphorescent dopant, a fluorescent dopant, or anycombination thereof.

In the emission layer, an amount of the dopant may be in a range ofabout 0.01 parts by weight to about 15 parts by weight based on 100parts by weight of the host, but exemplary embodiments are not limitedthereto.

The thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about 100 Å toabout 1,000 Å, for example, about 200 Å to about 600 Å. When thethickness of the emission layer is within the range, excellentlight-emission characteristics may be obtained without a substantialincrease in driving voltage.

Host in emission layer of organic light-emitting device

The host may include a compound represented by Formula 301 below:

[Ar₃₀₁]_(xb11)-[(L₃₀₁)_(xb1)-R₃₀₁]_(xb21)  <Formula 301>

In Formula 301,

Ar₃₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group ora substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

xb11 may be 1, 2, or 3,

L₃₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a substitutedor unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted orunsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xb1 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,

R₃₀₁ may be deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyanogroup, a nitro group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group,a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, asubstituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedheteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂)(Q₃₀₃), —N(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂),—B(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₀₁), or —P(═O)(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂),

xb21 may be 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and

Q₃₀₁ to Q₃₀₃ are the same as described in connection with Q₁.

For example, xb11 in Formula 301 is 2 or more, two or more Ar₃₀₁(s) maybe linked to each other via a single bond.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, the host may include a compoundrepresented by Formula 301-1, a compound represented by Formula 301-2,or any combination thereof:

In Formulae 301-1 to 301-2,

ring A₃₀₁ to ring A₃₀₄ may each independently be a C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclicgroup or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

X₃₀₁ may be O, S, N-[(L₃₀₄)_(xb4)-R₃₀₄], C(R₃₀₄)(R₃₀₅), orSi(R₃₀₄)(R₃₀₅),

xb22 and xb23 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2,

L₃₀₁, xb1, and R₃₀₁ are the same as described above,

L₃₀₂ to L₃₀₄ are each independently the same as described in connectionwith L₃₀₁,

xb2 to xb4 are each independently the same as described in connectionwith xb1, and

R₃₀₂ to R₃₀₅ and R₃₁₁ to R₃₁₄ are the same as described in connectionwith R₃₀₁.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, the host may include an alkalineearth metal complex. For example, the host may include a Be complex (forexample, Compound H55), a Mg complex, a Zn complex, or any combinationthereof.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, the host may include one ofCompounds H1 to H120, 9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN);2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (MADN);9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)-2-t-butyl-anthracene (TBADN);4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP); 1,3-di-9-carbazolylbenzene(mCP); 1,3,5-tri(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (TCP); or any combinationthereof, but exemplary embodiments are not limited thereto:

Phosphorescent dopant in emission layer of organic light-emitting device

The phosphorescent dopant may include at least one transition metal as acenter metal.

The phosphorescent dopant may include a monodentate ligand, a bidentateligand, a tridentate ligand, a tetradentate ligand, a pentadentateligand, a hexadentate ligand, or any combination thereof.

The phosphorescent dopant may be electrically neutral.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant mayinclude an organometallic compound represented by Formula 401:

M(L₄₀₁)_(xc1)(L₄₀₂)_(xc2)  <Formula 401>

In Formulae 401 and 402,

M may be a transition metal (for example, iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt),palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), gold (Au) hafnium (Hf),europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), rhodium (Rh), rhenium (Re), or thulium(Tm)),

L₄₀₁ may be a ligand represented by Formula 402, xc1 may be 1, 2, or 3,and when xc1 is 2 or more, two or more L₄₀₁(s) may be identical to ordifferent from each other,

L₄₀₂ may be an organic ligand, xc2 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, and when xc2is 2 or more, two or more L₄₀₂(s) may be identical to or different fromeach other,

X₄₀₁ and X₄₀₂ may each independently be nitrogen or carbon,

ring A₄₀₁ and ring A₄₀₂ may each independently be a C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclicgroup or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

T₄₀₁ may be a single bond, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—N(Q₄₁₁)—*′,*—C(Q₄₁₁)(Q₄₁₂)—*′, *—C(Q₄₁₁)=C(Q₄₁₂)—*′, *—C(Q₄₁₁)=*′, or *═C=*′,

X₄₀₃ and X₄₀₄ may each independently be a chemical bond (for example, acovalent bond or a coordinate bond), O, S, N(Q₄₁₃), B(Q₄₁₃), P(Q₄₁₃),C(Q₄₁₃)(Q₄₁₄), or Si(Q₄₁₃)(Q₄₁₄),

Q₄₁₁ to Q₄₁₄ are the same as described in connection with Q₁,

R₄₀₁ and R₄₀₂ may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl,—Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a substitutedor unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, asubstituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedheteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂)(Q₄₀₃), —N(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂),—B(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₄₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₄₀₁), or —P(═O)(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂),

Q₄₀₁ to Q₄₀₃ are the same as described in connection with Q₁,

xc11 and xc12 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 10, and

* and *′ in Formula 402 each indicate a binding site to M in Formula401.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, in Formula 402, i) X₄₀₁ may benitrogen, and X₄₀₂ may be carbon, or ii) each of X₄₀₁ and X₄₀₂ may benitrogen.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, in Formula 402, when xc1 is 2 ormore, two rings A₄₀₁(s) in two or more L₄₀₁(s) may optionally be linkedto each other via T402, which is a linking group, or two rings A₄₀₂(s)may optionally be linked to each other via T403, which is a linkinggroup (see Compounds PD1 to PD4 and PD7). T₄₀₂ and T₄₀₃ are the same asdescribed in connection with T₄₀₁.

L₄₀₂ in Formula 401 may be an organic ligand. For example, L₄₀₂ may be ahalogen group, a diketone group (for example, an acetylacetonate group),a carboxylic acid group (for example, a picolinate group), —C(═O), anisonitrile group, a —CN group, a phosphorus group (for example, aphosphine group, a phosphite group, etc.), or any combination thereof,but exemplary embodiments are not limited thereto.

The phosphorescent dopant may include, for example, a compound selectedfrom Compounds PD1 to PD25, or any combination thereof, but exemplaryembodiments are not limited thereto:

Fluorescent dopant in emission layer of organic light-emitting device

The fluorescent dopant may include an amine group-containing compound, astyryl group-containing compound, or any combination thereof.

For example, the fluorescent dopant may include a compound representedby Formula 501:

In Formula 501,

Ar₅₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group ora substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

L₅₀₁ to L₅₀₃ may each independently be a substituted or unsubstitutedC₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xd1 to xd3 may each independently be 0, 1, 2, or 3,

R₅₀₁ and R₅₀₂ may each independently be a substituted or unsubstitutedC₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,and

xd4 may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

For example, Ar₅₀₁ in Formula 501 may be a condensed cyclic group (forexample, an anthracene group, a chrysene group, a pyrene group, etc.) inwhich three or more monocyclic groups are condensed with each other.

In one exemplary embodiment, xd4 in Formula 501 may be 2, but exemplaryembodiments are not limited thereto.

For example, the fluorescent dopant may include: one of Compounds FD1 toFD36;

4, 4′-bis(2,2′-diphenylethenyl)-biphenyl (DPVBi);4,4′-bis[4-(di-p-tolylamino)styryl]biphenyl (DPAVBi); or any combinationthereof:

General Definition of Substituents

The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group” as used herein refers to a linear orbranched aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon monovalent group having 1 to 60carbon atoms, and examples thereof include a methyl group, an ethylgroup, a propyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, atert-butyl group, a pentyl group, an isoamyl group, and a hexyl group.The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalentgroup having a structure corresponding to the C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group” as used herein refers to a hydrocarbongroup having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or atthe terminus of the C₂-C₆₀ alkyl group, and examples thereof include anethenyl group, a propenyl group, and a butenyl group. The term “C₂-C₆₀alkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having astructure corresponding to the C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group” as used herein refers to a hydrocarbongroup having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or atthe terminus of the C₂-C₆₀ alkyl group, and examples thereof include anethynyl group and a propynyl group. The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkynylene group”as used herein refers to a divalent group having a structurecorresponding to the C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group” as used herein refers to a monovalentgroup represented by —OA₁₀₁ (wherein A₁₀₁ is the C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group),and examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and anisopropyloxy group.

The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalentsaturated hydrocarbon monocyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, andnon-limiting examples thereof include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutylgroup, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, and a cycloheptyl group.The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to adivalent group having a structure corresponding to the C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylgroup.

The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to amonovalent monocyclic group having at least one heteroatom selected fromN, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom and 1 to 10 carbon atoms, andnon-limiting examples thereof include a 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolidinyl group,a tetrahydrofuranyl group, and a tetrahydrothiophenyl group. The term“C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalentgroup having a structure corresponding to the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylgroup.

The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group” as used herein refers to amonovalent monocyclic group that has 3 to 10 carbon atoms and at leastone carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof and no aromaticity,and non-limiting examples thereof include a cyclopentenyl group, acyclohexenyl group, and a cycloheptenyl group. The term “C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group havinga structure corresponding to C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group” as used herein refers to amonovalent monocyclic group that has at least one heteroatom selectedfrom N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, 1 to 10 carbon atoms,and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in its ring. Non-limitingexamples of the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group include a4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl group, a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, anda 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group. The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylenegroup” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a structurecorresponding to the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₆-C₆₀ aryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent grouphaving a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms, and aC₆-C₆₀ arylene group used herein refers to a divalent group having acarbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Non-limitingexamples of the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group include a phenyl group, a naphthylgroup, an anthracenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a pyrenyl group, anda chrysenyl group. When the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group and the C₆-C₆₀ arylenegroup each include two or more rings, the rings may be fused to eachother.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalentgroup having a heterocyclic aromatic system that has at least oneheteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, inaddition to 1 to 60 carbon atoms. The term “C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group”as used herein refers to a divalent group having a heterocyclic aromaticsystem that has at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and Sas a ring-forming atom, in addition to 1 to 60 carbon atoms.Non-limiting examples of the C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group include a pyridinylgroup, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, atriazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, and an isoquinolinyl group. Whenthe C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group and the C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group eachinclude two or more rings, the rings may be fused with each other.

The term “C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group” as used herein refers to —OA₁₀₂ (whereinA₁₀₂ is the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group), and the term “C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group” asused herein refers to —SA₁₀₃ (wherein A₁₀₃ is the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group).

The term “monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group” as used hereinrefers to a monovalent group (for example, having 8 to 60 carbon atoms)having two or more rings fused with each other, only carbon atoms asring-forming atoms, and non-aromaticity in its entire molecularstructure. An example of the monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclicgroup is a fluorenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic fusedpolycyclic group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having astructure corresponding to the monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclicgroup.

The term “monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group” as usedherein refers to a monovalent group (for example, having 1 to 60 carbonatoms) having two or more rings fused with each other, at least oneheteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S, other than carbon atoms, asa ring-forming atom, and non-aromaticity in its entire molecularstructure. An example of the monovalent non-aromatic fusedheteropolycyclic group is a carbazolyl group. The term “divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein refers toa divalent group having a structure corresponding to the monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

The term “C₄-C₆₀ carbocyclic group” as used herein refers to amonocyclic or polycyclic group having 4 to 60 carbon atoms in which aring-forming atom is a carbon atom only. The term “C₄-C₆₀ carbocyclicgroup” as used herein refers to an aromatic carbocyclic group or anon-aromatic carbocyclic group. The C₄-C₆₀ carbocyclic group may be aring such as benzene, a monovalent group such as a phenyl group, or adivalent group such as a phenylene group. In one or more exemplaryembodiments, depending on the number of substituents connected to theC₄-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, the C₄-C₆₀ carbocyclic group may be atrivalent group or a quadrivalent group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀ heterocyclic group” as used herein refers to a grouphaving the same structure as the C₄-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, except thatas a ring-forming atom, at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si,P, and S is used in addition to carbon (the number of carbon atoms maybe in a range of 2 to 60).

The terms “hydrogen,” “deuterium,” “fluorine,” “chlorine,” “bromine,”and “iodine” refer to their respective atoms and corresponding radicals.

As used herein, at least one substituent of the substituted C₄-C₆₀carbocyclic group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, thesubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group,the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, the substitutedC₆-C₆₀ arylene group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, thesubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, thesubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, thesubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group,the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxygroup, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, thesubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, the substitutedmonovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, and the substitutedmonovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group may be selectedfrom:

deuterium (-D), —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, anitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, aC₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, anda C₆-C₆₀ alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group,and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selectedfrom deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, anitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, aC₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₆-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic fusedpolycyclic group, amonovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group,—Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂);

a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, anda monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group;

a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, anda monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, each substitutedwith at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group,a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, aC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxygroup, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalentnon-aromatic fused polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic fusedheteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂),—C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂), and —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂); and

—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

wherein Q₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently beselected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, acyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, ahydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, aC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, a monovalentnon-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl groupsubstituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, and a cyanogroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, and a cyano group, a biphenyl group, and a terphenylgroup.

The term “Ph” as used herein refers to a phenyl group, the term “Me” asused herein refers to a methyl group, the term “Et” as used hereinrefers to an ethyl group, the term “ter-Bu” or “Bu^(t)” as used hereinrefers to a tert-butyl group, and the term “OMe” as used herein refersto a methoxy group.

The term “biphenyl group” as used herein refers to “a phenyl groupsubstituted with a phenyl group”. In other words, the “biphenyl group”is a “substituted phenyl group” having a “C₆-C₆₀ aryl group” as asubstituent.

The term “terphenyl group” as used herein refers to “a phenyl groupsubstituted with a biphenyl group”. In other words, the “terphenylgroup” is a “substituted phenyl group” having a “C₆-C₆₀ aryl groupsubstituted with a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group” as a substituent.

*, *′, and *″, as used herein, unless defined otherwise, each indicate abinding site to a neighboring atom in a corresponding formula.

Hereinafter, a compound according to exemplary embodiments and alight-emitting device according to exemplary embodiments will bedescribed in detail with reference to Examples.

EXAMPLES Synthesis Example 1

Formation of Quantum Dot-Containing Complex 1

Referring to “Tuning Quantum-Dot Organization in Liquid Crystals forRobust Photonic Applications,” Chem. Phys. Chem., 15, p 1413-1421, amonodisperse quantum dot-containing complex 1 (a spherical particle) wasmanufactured. The followings are used as a polymerization initiator, afirst monomer, and a quantum dot:

Polymerization initiator: potassium persulfate (KPS);

First monomer: ligand 1 as depicted at page 24 above; and

Quantum dot: InP/ZnS core-shell quantum dot (average particle size: 3-8nm).

Comparative Synthesis Example 1

A quantum dot-containing complex 2 was manufactured by using the samemethod as Synthesis Example 1, except that the following ligands wereused instead of ligand 1.

Example 1: Preparation of Quantum Dot-Containing Composition 1

As described below, a quantum dot-containing complex (15 wt %.), asecond monomer (30 wt %.), a photopolymerization initiator (5 wt %.), adispersant (5 wt %.), a first solvent (30 wt %.), and a second solvent(15 wt %.) based on the total mixture were mixed together to manufacturea quantum dot-containing composition 1.

Quantum dot-containing complex: quantum dot-containing complex 1

Second monomer: dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate (DPHA) (Aldrich 407283,of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)

Photopolymerization initiator: Irgacure-907 (BASF Corporation ofLudwigshafen, Germany)

Dispersant: DISPER BYK-2011 (BYK-Chemie Corporation of Wesel, Germany)

First solvent: 3-phenyl-propionic acid ethyl ester

Second solvent: propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate

Comparative Example 1

A quantum dot-containing composition 2 was manufactured by using thesame method as Example 1, except that the quantum dot-containing complex2 according to Comparative Synthesis Example 1 was used instead of thequantum dot-containing complex 1 according to Synthesis Example 1, as aquantum dot-containing complex.

Evaluation Example 1: Analysis of Optical Characteristics of Display

An organic light-emitting display device 1 was manufactured bysequentially stacking an anode including a metal material, an organiclayer including a blue emission layer containing a light-emittingmaterial, a cathode including a conductive material, and a sample 1sampled from the quantum dot-containing composition 1.

An organic light-emitting display device 2 was manufactured by using thesame method as the organic light-emitting display device 1, except thatsample 2 sampled from the quantum dot-containing composition 2 was usedinstead of the sample 1.

Subsequently, the organic light-emitting display devices 1 and 2 wereeach stored for about 40 days at a temperature of 85° C. and under arelative humidity of 85%, respectively.

FIG. 3 is a graphical depiction illustrating changes in external quantumefficiency over time of an exemplary embodiment of an organiclight-emitting device 1 and a comparative example of an organiclight-emitting device 2. Quantum efficiency was measured using an EQE(External Quantum Efficiency) measuring instrument using an integratingsphere.

Specifically, after measuring an initial EQE of the samples 1 and 2coated on Bare Glass and reference (glass/QD/SiN_(x)), the changes inEQE is measured for each time while aging is performed on the organiclight-emitting device.

Changes in external quantum efficiency of the organic light-emittingdevices 1 and 2 were measured, and the results are shown in FIG. 3. Fromthe results of FIG. 3, the light-emitting apparatus to which the quantumdot-containing composition according to the exemplary embodiments isapplied has excellent efficiency.

According to the principles and exemplary implementations and/orexemplary methods of the invention, by introducing a polymerizable groupinto a reactive ligand coordinated to a quantum dot, the quantumdot-containing complex may improve stability and exhibit highefficiency.

Although certain exemplary embodiments and implementations have beendescribed herein, other embodiments and modifications will be apparentfrom this description. Accordingly, the inventive concepts are notlimited to such embodiments, but rather to the broader scope of theappended claims and various obvious modifications and equivalentarrangements as would be apparent to a person of ordinary skill in theart.

What is claimed is:
 1. A quantum dot-containing complex comprising: aquantum dot; and at least one ligand coordinated to the surface of thequantum dot and being a monomer represented by Formula 1:P₁-(L₁)_(d1)-(Z₄)_(b4)-[(A₃)_(a3)-(Z₃)_(b3)]_(m1)-(A₂)_(a2)-(Z₂)_(b2)-(A₁)_(a1)-(Z₁)_(b1)—(R_(a))_(c1)  <Formula1>*—(Z₅)_(b5)—(S_(p))_(e1)—(Z₆)_(b6)—P₂  <Formula 2> wherein, in Formulae1 and 2 A₁ to A₃ are each, independently from one another, a substitutedor unsubstituted C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group or a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ heterocyclic group; a1 is an integer from 1 to 6,and a2 and a3 are each, independently from one another, an integer from0 to 6; Z₁ to Z₆ are each. independently from one another, *—O—*′,*—S—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—C(═O)O-′ *—OC(═O)—*′, *—O—C(═O)—O—*′, *—OCH₂—*′,*—SCH₂—*′, *—CH₂S—*′, *—CF₂O—*′, *—OCF₂—*′, *—CF₂S—*′, *—SCF₂—*′,*—(CH₂)_(n1)—*′, *—CF₂CH₂—*′, *—CH₂CF₂—*′, *—(CF₂)_(n1)—*′, *—CH═CH—*′,*—CF═CF—*′, *—C≡C—*′, *—CH═CH—C(═O)O—*′, *—OC(═O)—CH═CH—*′,*—C(Q₁)(Q₂)—*′, *—CH(—(S_(p))_(e1)—P₃)—*′, *—CH₂CH(—(S_(p))_(e1)—P₃)—*′,*—(CH(—(S_(p))_(e1)—P₃)CH(—(S_(p))_(e2)—P₃)—*′, or*—O—(CH₂)—O(C═O)—(CH₂)_(n2)—*′; n1 is an integer from 1 to 4, and n2 isan integer from 0 to 2; b1 to b6 are each, independently from oneanother, an integer from 0 to 6; m1 is an integer from 0 to 6; L₁ is asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, *—S(═O)(Q₁)—*′, *—S(═O)₂—*′,*—P(═O)(Q₁)—*′, *—P(═O)₂—*′, *—P(═S)(Q₁)—*′, or *—P(═S)₂—*′; d1 is aninteger from 0 to 4; S_(p) is a spacer group or a single bond; e1 to e2are each, independently from one another, an integer from 1 to 4; R_(a)is an anchoring group; c1 is an integer from 1 to 6; P₁ to P₃ are each,independently from one another, a polymerizable group; at least onesubstituent of the substituted C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group and thesubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group is a group of Formula 2,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylgroup, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, aC₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, aC₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclicgroup, a monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, —NCO,—NCS, —OCN, —SCN, —C(═O)N(Q₁₁)₂, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂),—B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂); Q₁ to Q₂and Q to Q₁₃ are each, independently from one another, hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazonegroup, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynylgroup, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, a monovalentnon-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, a biphenyl group, or aterphenyl group; and * and *′ each indicate a binding site to aneighboring atom.
 2. The quantum dot-containing complex of claim 1,wherein A₁ to A₃ are each, independently from one another: a benzenegroup, a pentalene group, an indene group, a naphthalene group, anazulene group, a heptalene group, an indacene group, an acenaphthalenegroup, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, aspiro-benzofluorene-fluorene group, a benzofluorene group, adibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, ananthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pyrrolegroup, a thiophene group, a furan group, a silole group, an imidazolegroup, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, anoxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, apyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a benzofurangroup, a benzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophenegroup, a carbazole group, a benzosilole group, a dibenzosilole group, aquinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzimidazole group, animidazopyridine group, or an imidazopyrimidine group, each,independently from one another, optionally substituted with at least oneof a group of Formula 2, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group,a cyano group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, acyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, acyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, anaphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenylgroup, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenylgroup, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenylgroup, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenylgroup, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, apicenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenylgroup, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, anovalenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, apyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzofuranyl group,a benzothiophenyl group, —NCO, —NCS, —OCN, —SCN, —C(═O)N(Q₁₁)₂,—Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₁₁) and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂); wherein Q₁₁ to Q₁₃ are each,independently from one another, hydrogen, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, anaphthyl group, or a pyridinyl group.
 3. The quantum dot-containingcomplex of claim 1, wherein *-(A₁)—*′ to *-(A₃)—*′ are each,independently from one another, a group of Formulae A-1 to A-22:

wherein, in Formulae A-1 to A-22; * and *′ each indicate a binding siteto a neighboring atom and a1 to a3 have the same meanings as in claim 1.4. The quantum dot-containing complex of claim 1, wherein the spacergroup is *—N(Q₁)—*′, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—Si(Q₁)(Q₂)—*′, a divalent C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, or a divalent C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group; wherein each of thedivalent C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group and divalent C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group,independently from one another, optionally substituted with at least oneof deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, aC₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, —NCO, —NCS, —OCN, and —SCN;wherein Q₁ to Q₂ are each, independently from one another, hydrogen, aC₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, or a pyridinyl group; and *and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.
 5. Thequantum dot-containing complex of claim 1, wherein *—(S_(p))_(e1)—*′ and*—(S_(p))_(e2)—*′ are each, independently from one another, a singlebond, *—(CH₂)_(i1)—*′, *—(CH₂CH₂O)_(i1)—CH₂CH₂—*′, *—CH₂CH₂—S—CH₂CH₂—*′,*—CH₂CH₂—NH—CH₂CH₂—*′, or *—(SiQ₁Q₂-O)_(i1)—*′; wherein i1 is an integerfrom 1 to 12; Q₁ to Q₂ are each, independently from one another,hydrogen, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, abiphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, or a pyridinylgroup; and * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.6. The quantum dot-containing complex of claim 1, wherein R_(a) is anorganic salt, *—OH, *—NO₂, *—COOH, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,*—(O(C(Q₁)(Q₂))_(n3)—O—C(Q₃)(Q₄)(Q₅))_(n4), *—N(Q₁)(Q₂), a substitutedor unsubstituted C₁-C₃₀ alcohol group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₃₀ carboxylic acid group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclicgroup; and at least one substituent of the substituted C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, thesubstituted C₁-C₃₀ alcohol group, and the substituted C₁-C₃₀ carboxylicacid group is a group of Formula 2, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, ahydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, amonovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, a monovalentnon-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, —NCO, —NCS, —OCN, —SCN,—C(═O)N(Q₁₁)₂, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂),—C(═O)(Q₁₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂); wherein Q₁ to Q₅ andQ₁₁ to Q₁₃ are each, independently from one another, hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazonegroup, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynylgroup, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, a monovalentnon-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, a biphenyl group, or aterphenyl group; n3 and n4 are each, independently from one another, aninteger from 1 to 6; and * indicates a binding site to a neighboringatom.
 7. The quantum dot-containing complex of claim 1, wherein R_(a) isa group of Formulae E-1 to E-28:

wherein, in Formulae E-1 to E-28; n11 and n12 are each, independentlyfrom one another, an integer from 1 to 12; and * indicates a bindingsite to a neighboring atom.
 8. The quantum dot-containing complex ofclaim 1, wherein P₁ to P₃ are each, independently from one another, agroup of Formulae P-1 to P-10:

wherein, in Formulae P-1 to P-10; p is an integer from 1 to 20; and *indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.
 9. The quantumdot-containing complex of claim 1, wherein the at least one ligand isone or more of ligand 1 to ligand 14:


10. The quantum dot-containing complex of claim 1, wherein the quantumdot comprises a core including a first semiconductor having a crystalstructure and a shell including a second semiconductor having a crystalstructure, or is a Perovskite compound.
 11. The quantum dot-containingcomplex of claim 10, wherein the first semiconductor and the secondsemiconductor each, independently from one another, comprise Group12-Group 16-based compounds, Group 13-Group 15-based compounds, Group14-Group 16-based compounds, Group 14-based compounds, Group 11-Group13-Group 16-based compounds, Group 11-Group 12-Group 13-Group 16-basedcompounds, or any combination thereof.
 12. The quantum dot-containingcomplex of claim 10, wherein the first semiconductor and the secondsemiconductor each, independently from one another, comprise: CdS, CdSe,CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, MgS, and MgSe; CdSeS,CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnSeS, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, HgSeS, HgSeTe, HgSTe, CdZnS,CdZnSe, CdZnTe, CdHgS, CdHgSe, CdHgTe, HgZnS, HgZnSe, HgZnTe MgZnS, andMgZnSe; CdZnSeS, CdZnSeTe, CdZnSTe, CdHgSeS, CdHgSeTe, CdHgSTe, HgZnSeS,HgZnSeTe, and HgZnSTe; GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, InN,InP, InAs, and InSb; GaNP, GaNAs, GaNSb, GaPAs, GaPSb, AlNP, AlNAs,AlNSb, AlPAs, AlPSb, InGaP, InAP, InNP, InNAs, InNSb, InPAs, InPSb, andGaAlNP; GaANAs, GaANSb, GaAPAs, GaAPSb, GaInNP, GaInNAs, GaInNSb,GaInPAs, GaInPSb, InAlNP, InAlNAs, InAlNSb, InAlPAs, and InAPSb; InZnP;SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbS, PbSe, and PbTe; SnSeS, SnSeTe, SnSTe, PbSeS,PbSeTe, PbSTe, SnPbS, SnPbSe, and SnPbTe; SnPbSSe, SnPbSeTe, andSnPbSTe; Si, Ge, SiC, and SiGe; is AgInS, AgInS₂, CuInS, CuInS₂, CuGaO₂,AgGaO₂, and AgAlO₂; or any combination thereof.
 13. The quantumdot-containing complex of claim 10, wherein the first semiconductorcomprises GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, InN, InP, InAs,InSb, GaNP, GaNAs, GaNSb, GaPAs, GaPSb, AlNP, AlNAs, AlNSb, AlPAs,AlPSb, InGaP, InAlP, InNP, InNAs, InNSb, InPAs, InPSb, GaAlNP GaANAs,GaANSb, GaAlPAs, GaAlPSb, GaInNP, GaInNAs, GaInNSb, GaInPAs, GaInPSb,InAlNP, InANAs, InAlNSb, InAlPAs, InAlPSb, or any combination thereof,and the second semiconductor comprises CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe,ZnO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, MgS, MgSe, CdSeS, CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnSeS, ZnSeTe,ZnSTe, HgSeS, HgSeTe, HgSTe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, CdZnTe, CdHgS, CdHgSe,CdHgTe, HgZnS, HgZnSe, HgZnTe, MgZnS, MgZnSe, CdZnSeS, CdZnSeTe,CdZnSTe, CdHgSeS, CdHgSeTe, CdHgSTe, HgZnSeS, HgZnSeTe, HgZnSTe, or anycombination thereof.
 14. The quantum dot-containing complex of claim 1,wherein an average particle diameter (D50) of the quantum dot is about 2to about 10 nm.
 15. A light-emitting device comprising: a firstelectrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and anemission layer disposed between the first electrode and the secondelectrode, wherein the emission layer comprises the quantumdot-containing complex of claim
 1. 16. An optical member comprising thequantum dot-containing complex of claim
 1. 17. The optical member ofclaim 16, wherein the optical member comprises a color conversionmember.
 18. A device comprising the quantum dot-containing complex ofclaim
 1. 19. The device of claim 18, further comprising a light source,wherein the quantum dot-containing complex is located in a path of lightto be emitted from the light source.
 20. The device of claim 19, whereinthe light source comprises an organic light emitting diode or alight-emitting diode.